ABILITY – CAPABILITY
- I can swim.
- I could swim when I was five.
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PERMISSION
- You can go to the cinema.
- In the evenings we could watch TV.
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SUGGESTION
- You could give Mary some flowers.
- Shall we buy her a hat?
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POSSIBILITY
- Measles can be quite dangerous.
- This vase could be very valuable.
- He may be waiting for us at the airport.
- John might come to your party.
- Would John come with us if we asked him?
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DEDUCTION-ASSUMPTION
- It couldn’t have been John because he’s in London.
- He drives a Ferrari. He must be rich
- The plane should be landing any time now.
- He has studied very hard. He ought to pass.
- She will have plenty of time to get there.
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PROHIBITION
- You mustn’t eat any more chocolate.
- You should never repeat what you have just said.
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ADVICE
- You should go to the doctor’s tomorrow. .
- You must go to the doctor’s tomorrow! (emphatic advice)
- Semi- modals and other forms are often used. However, they sometimes change the level of intensity of the advice given.
- You ought to/had better/have to/ . . . . . .
- If I were you I would go to the doctor’s.
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NECESSITY
- We must buy some more vegetables.
- Semi-modals (have to/need to) are often preferred. NOT NECESSARY uses don’t have to or don’t need to/ needn’t
- We don’t need to buy any more vegetables. (It isn’t necessary)
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A REQUEST
Can I go to the cinema tonight?
Could you lend me £5, please?
May I leave the room?
Would you please close the door? |
SPECULATION
He may have gone to Spain with Mary.
Someone might have already told his father.
What would I have done without you?
Where shall/will we be this time next year? |
OBLIGATION
You must / have to study harder!
I should be studying but I’m too tired. |
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